Benefits of positron emission tomography scans for the evaluation of radiotherapy

The assessment of tumour response during and after radiotherapy determines the subsequent management of patients (adaptation of treatment plan, monitoring, adjuvant treatment, rescue treatment or palliative care). In addition to its role in extension assessment and therapeutic planning, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography provides useful functional information for the evaluation of tumour response. The objective of this article is to review published data on positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography as a tool for evaluating external radiotherapy for cancers. Data on positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography scans acquired at different times (during, after initial and after definitive [chemo-]radiotherapy, during post-treatment follow-up) in solid tumours (lung, head and neck, cervix, oesophagus, prostate and rectum) were collected and analysed. Recent recommendations of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network are also reported. Positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography with (¹⁸F)-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose has a well-established role in clinical routine after chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancers, particularly to limit the number of neck lymph node dissection. This imaging modality also has a place for the evaluation of initial chemoradiotherapy of oesophageal cancer, including the detection of distant metastases, and for the post-therapeutic evaluation of cervical cancer. Several radiotracers for positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography, such as choline, are also recommended for patients with prostate cancer with biochemical failure. (¹⁸F)-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography is optional in many other circumstances and its clinical benefits, possibly in combination with MRI, to assess response to radiotherapy remain a very active area of research.     

肌骨超声在腰痛诊断中的应用

腰痛已成为世界范围内主要的公共健康问题,常规的腰痛影像学检查会反复地对患者造成辐射伤害,并且存在一定的漏诊、误诊的可能性,延误治疗时机。肌骨超声是一种非侵入性的成像方法,具有安全、无创的特点,并且价格低廉,已经作为常用的腰痛辅助筛查手段。通过对腰痛的常规影像学检查手段进行分析比较,全面阐述肌骨超声在腰痛的诊断及康复过程中的价值,为更好地促进腰痛的诊断和康复提供理论基础。     

圆锥型套筒冠修复体修复治疗对牙周病患者牙龈指数、龈乳头探诊出血指数、牙周探诊深度的影响

目的 探讨圆锥型套筒冠修复体修复治疗对牙周病患者牙龈指数、龈乳头探诊出血指数、牙周探诊深度的影响。方法 选取2017年3月～2019年3月我院收治的牙周病患者60例,随机分为对照组和研究组两组。对照组进行常规治疗,研究组进行圆锥型套筒冠修复体修复治疗。比较两组患者疗效、牙齿松动度(TM)、牙龈指数(GI)、龈乳头探诊出血指数(PBI)、牙周探诊深度(PD)、改良菌斑指数(mPLI)、改良龈沟出血指数(MSBI)、牙龈乳头指数(PIS)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)水平、口腔健康影响程度评分(OHIP-14)、咀嚼功能、满意率。结果 研究组有效率高于对照组(P0.05);研究组TM、GI、PBI、PD低于对照组(P0.05);研究组mPLI、MSBI、PIS低于对照组(P0.05);研究组IL-8、IL-2水平低于对照组(P0.05);研究组OHIP-14评分低于对照组(P0.05);研究组咀嚼功能高于对照组(P0.05);研究组修复满意率高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 牙周病治疗中,圆锥型套筒冠修复体修复疗效显著,应在临床上广泛推广与应用。     

超声和CT在儿童神经母细胞瘤诊断、临床分期和治疗方案制定中的价值分析

目的:对比分析超声和CT对儿童神经母细胞瘤的诊断价值以及二者在该病临床分期和治疗方案制定中的价值。方法:筛选经病理证实的儿童神经母细胞瘤34例（其中术后证实瘤内钙化者26例），分析其临床及影像资料。结果:本研究的34例患者中，有29例超声显示为大小不等、回声不均匀的实性肿块，其中20例肿块表现为跨中线生长，18例包绕腹部大血管，18例后腹膜淋巴结肿大，且有9例、8例和2例分别为肾脏、肝脏、脾脏受累患者。本研究中有28例患者在术前通过超声进行了确诊，其符合率高达82.4%，特征性瘤内钙化的检出率达88.5%（23/26）；CT示大小不等、密度不均匀的肿块34例，增强可见明显强化，包绕大血管者18例，跨中线生长者20例，侵犯椎管腔者8例，后腹膜淋巴结肿大者15例，肾脏、肝脏、脾脏受累者分别为9例、6例、1例，头颅转移者7例，30例术前做出正确诊断，术前CT诊断符合率为88.2%，瘤内钙化的检出率高达96.2%（25/26）。结论:儿童神经母细胞瘤有其典型的影像学表现，超声和CT对该病的诊断符合率都很高，且各具优势，二者联合应用对儿童神经母细胞瘤的诊断、临床分期和指导治疗有重要价值。     

锥形束CT对儿童上颌前部埋伏多生牙定位的研究

目的评价锥形束CT(cone beam computed tomography,CBCT)及三维重建技术对儿童上颌前部埋伏多生牙定位的价值,为临床提供准确的治疗措施。方法选择2017年6月-2018年9月来本院就诊上颌骨内埋伏牙儿童患者263例行锥形束CT扫描,获取牙体表面三维立体图像及任意平面图像和任意曲面体层图像,从多个角度显示埋伏牙的形态、大小、萌出方向、唇腭侧位置及与邻牙位置的关系。结果263例患儿312颗上颌前部埋伏多生牙252颗位于腭侧,50颗位于唇侧,10颗位于牙槽骨中部;牙冠正向生长77颗,牙冠倒置生长154颗,牙冠横向生长81颗。所有患者顺利完成手术,术前诊断与术中结果完全一致,准确率为100%。结论锥形束CT是精确定位儿童上颌前部埋伏多生牙有效方法,可直接、准确地反映埋伏多生牙的位置,为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠信息。     

New evidence supporting lung cancer screening with low dose CT & surgical implications

IntroductionLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-death worldwide. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPTSF) approved screening for current or former smokers aged 55–80 based on the results of the National Lung Screening trial (NLST). Following the NLST, new evidence has emerged from clinical trials and updates to previous trials prior to the anticipated update to the USPSTF guideline. We review the new evidence on lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography (LDCT) and the surgical implications.MethodsA review of new literature was performed pertaining to lung cancer screening since implementation of UPSTF guidelines. Articles for inclusion were identified by both authors’, then search of the Pubmed and Cochrane database was performed from January 1st, 2013 through February 4th, 2020 using the MeSH search terms: “lung cancer”; “screening”; “low dose CT”. The results of these studies are summarized.ResultsWe identified multiple prospective randomized control trials and meta-analysis since the NLST supporting lung cancer-specific mortality with screening. We identified new nodule classification systems and the development of risk-models which may reduce false positive rates and identify high risk patients not currently eligible for screening. Finally, we discussed the surgical implications of screening.ConclusionNew data supports NLST findings and show ongoing benefit to LDCT for lung cancer screening. Standardized LDCT screening classification has been shown to reduce harm and lower false positive rates. Further study is needed regarding use of risk-modeling. Screening will require an increase in the thoracic workforce to accommodate the amount of surgically operable cancers.     

Cerebrovascular inflammation promotes the formation of brain metastases

Brain metastases are the most prevalent intracranial malignancy. Patient outcome is poor and treatment options are limited. Hence, new avenues must be explored to identify potential therapeutic targets. Inflammation is a known critical component of cancer progression. Intratumoral inflammation drives progression and leads to the release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Inflammation at distant sites promotes adhesion of CTCs to the activated endothelium and then initiates the formation of metastases. These interactions mostly involve cell adhesion molecules expressed by activated endothelial cells. For example, the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is known to promote transendothelial migration of cancer cells in different organs. However, it is unclear whether a similar mechanism occurs within the specialized environment of the brain. Our objective was therefore to use molecular imaging to assess the potential role of VCAM-1 in promoting the entry of CTCs into the brain. First, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological analyses revealed that cerebrovascular inflammation induced by intracranial injection of lipopolysaccharide significantly increased the expression of VCAM-1 in the Balb/c mouse brain. Next, intracardiac injection of 4T1 mammary carcinoma cancer cells in animals with cerebrovascular inflammation yielded a higher brain metastasis burden than in the control animals. Finally, blocking VCAM-1 prior to 4T1 cells injection prevented this increased metastatic burden. Here, we demonstrated that by contributing to CTCs adhesion to the activated cerebrovascular endothelium, VCAM-1 improves the capacity of CTCs to form metastatic foci in the brain.     

PBL联合CBL教学法在中医院校影像教学中应用的优势

随着影像技术的快速发展,影像检查已发展为临床诊断疾病的主要手段之一。所以作为未来医疗工作者的医学生,学好影像学变得越来越重要。目前影像教学大多采用传统的“满堂灌”的授课方式,学生处于学习的被动状态,效果并不尽人意。如何才能让学生真正掌握影像学知识,是值得每位任教老师深思的问题。作者结合多年的教学经验与实践,并针对中医院校医学生西医知识相对薄弱,课时少这一特点,认为PBL联合CBL教学法不但可以激发学生学习的主观能动性,培养学生的自学能力,增强学生解决问题的能力,提升临床思维能力,还可以提高课堂效率,有利于学生更好地学习、掌握影像知识,并学会将所学理论知识应用于临床实践。     

前节OCT评估V4c型后房型有晶体眼人工晶体植入术安全性的临床研究

目的探讨前节光学相干断层扫描(OCT)评估V4c型后房型有晶体眼人工晶体(ICL)植入术治疗超高度近视长期安全性的价值。方法 41例(78眼)>-9.0D的超高度近视进行V4c型ICL植入手术患者,测量术前及术后1、3、6、12个月的角膜内皮细胞计数,应用前节OCT及超声生物显微镜(UBM)检测患者术前睫状沟沟到沟距离(WTW)、中央前房深度(ACD)、小梁于虹膜夹角(TIA)及术后各时段拱高、ACD、TIA。分析手术安全性;比较患者术前及术后各时段角膜内皮细胞计数、前节OCT测量指标,术前不同测量方法各参数测量结果 , UBM与前节OCT各参数测量结果。结果所有患者手术顺利,术后4 h内13只眼(12例患者)一过性眼压升高,降眼压处理后至随访结束眼压均平稳,其余患者无其他手术并发症发生。术后1、3、6、12个月,患者角膜内皮细胞计数低于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1、3、6、12个月,患者前节OCT测量指标ACD低于术前、TIA小于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1、3、6、12个月,患者角膜内皮细胞计数及前节OCT测量指标ACD、TIA、拱高比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前WTW应用卡尺手测、角膜地形图(ObscanⅡ)前节分析系统测量、Master、UBM及前节OCT测量结果分别为(11.80±0.36)、(11.75±0.37)、(12.26±1.17)、(11.94±0.41)、(11.91±0.38)mm, Master测量WTW与其他方式比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术前ACD应用ObscanⅡ前节分析系统测量、Master、UBM及前节OCT测量结果分别为(3.1±0.20)、(3.30±0.17)、(3.11±0.13)、(3.10±0.15)mm, Master测量结果与其他方式比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术前TIA应用UBM、前节OCT测量结果分别为(40.98±5.82)°、(40.92±5.65)°,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前及术后各时段,前节OCT及UBM测量ACD、TIA及拱高的测量结果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 V4c型ICL植入术治疗超高度近视无论视力、ICL位置或是眼内情况稳定性均良好,无严重并发症,手术方式安全稳定。应用前节OCT观察术后ICL位置、前房深度及房角情况简易方便,准确无创。测量简单方便且精准,可作为术后常规随访的测量方式。